VIII. Animal physiology questions
Animal physiology questions
There are a total of 50 animal physiology questions, which are important content-oriented in the summary part of this chapter. Click the ‘Answer’ button to see the corresponding answers and explanations, and click the ‘Go back’ button to slove the next questions.
1. Which of the following does NOT apply to inspiration?
A. Positive air pressure in lungs
B. Diaphragm and rib muscles are contracted
C. Lungs are inflated
D. Diaphragm moves downward
E. Air moves into the lungs
2. The place for exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and capillaries is called the _____________ .
A. Bronchioles
B. Epiglottis
C. Larynx
D. Alveoli
E. Pharynx
3. CO2 went out of the nose from the cells in the right hand. Which of the following is NOT a structure through which CO2 travels?
A. Left atrium
B. Right atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Pulmonary artery
E. Trachea
4. Which of the following is a correct statement about blood vessels?
A. An artery is composed of a thick muscular wall and valves to prevent back flow.
B. An arteriole is thin, the smallest of the blood vessels.
C. Exchange of nutrients and gas occurs at the capillaries.
D. A venule connects an artery to the capillaries.
E. A vein transports blood to the heart and has the highest pressure of the blood vessels.
5. _____________ stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes.
A. Gastrin
B. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. Enterogastrone
D. Glucagon
E. Insulin
6. Which of the following statements is NOT related to the stress response of the adrenal cortex?
A. The adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH.
B. It is a response to short term stress.
C. The hormones glucocorticoid and aldosterone are released.
D. Blood pressure and breathing rates are increased.
E. None of the above
7. Choose the correct statement(s) about animal circulatory systems.
Ⅰ. Insects have circulating blood, which bathes organ tissues directly. Ⅱ. Fish have two chambers with an open circulatory system. Ⅲ. Frogs exchange gas by using lungs and skin and have three chambers. Ⅳ. Birds have the same number of chambers as mammals. |
A. I only
B. I and II
C. I, II, and III
D. II, III, and IV
E. I, III, and IV
8. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?
A. All gas exchange systems have to be moist.
B. Capillaries of the body have the lowest velocity because the total surface area of the capillaries is larger than other pathways of circulation.
C. Birds have a respiratory system that is more efficient than the human respiratory system because air is inhaled and exhaled through different passages.
D. The main method of gas exchange is diffusion.
E. None of the above
9. Which statement about the digestive system is true?
A. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea.
B. Polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides by salivary amylase.
C. Protein digestion can occur in the stomach by pancreatic amylase.
D. Fat is broken down by pancreatic lipase in the small intestine.
E. A and D
10. All of the following are steroid hormones EXCEPT _______________.
A. Androgen
B. Estrogens
C. Aldosterone
D. Antidiuretic hormone
E. Glucocorticoids
11. Which of the following is related to external respiration?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Mitochondria
C. Generating ATP
D. Pulmonary capillaries
E. O2 consumption in cells
12. Fatty acid and glycerol are absorbed by ____________ and transported to lymph vessels.
A. Lacteals
B. Blood capillaries
C. Parietal cells
D. Hepatic portal vessels
E. Chief cells
13. The part of the kidney where urea is found in high concentration is the _____________.
A. Proximal tubule
B. Distal tubule
C. Ascending loop of Henle
D. Descending loop of Henle
E. Collecting duct
14. _____________ functions in controlling osmotic balance and pH buffering as a plasma protein.
A. Thrombin
B. Fibrinogen
C. Albumin
D. Immunoglobulins
E. Myoglobin
15. _____________ is involved in visual perception, and an insufficient amount cause nyctalopia (night blindness).
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin E
C. Vitamin C
D. Vitamin K
E. Vitamin B1
16. Which of the following apply to the pancreas?
Ⅰ. Neutralizing chyme in the small intestines by secreting bicarbonate ions Ⅱ. Production of amylase for carbohydrate digestion Ⅲ. Production of lipase for fat digestion Ⅳ. Production of trypsin for protein digestion Ⅴ. Endocrine and exocrine |
A. I and II
B. I, II, and III
C. I, II, III, and IV
D. I and V
E. All of the above
17. Sodium reabsorption at the kidney is controlled by _____________ .
A. Thyroid stimulating hormone
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Aldosterone hormone
D. Growth hormone
E. ACTH
18. Correct order of air passage through the respiratory system is?
- Nasal cavity → pharynx → trachea → bronchi → alveoli
- Nasal cavity → esophagus → trachea → bronchioles → alveoli
- Pharynx → trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli
- Esophagus → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
- None of the above
19. When a person climbed a high mountain, he could hardly breathe and became tired. Choose all the possible reasons for this symptom.
Ⅰ. Low pressure at high elevation Ⅱ. Reduced differences between partial gas pressures of alveolar spaces and alveolar capillaries Ⅲ. Slow circulation of blood Ⅳ. Reduced gas-exchange rates between tissue capillaries and tissue cells |
A. I only
B. I and II
C. I, II, and III
D. I, II, and IV
E. All of the above
20. Which of the following is (are) correctly matched?
A. Red blood cell: lacks nuclei and mitochondria
B. Basophil: becomes macrophage
C. Lymphocyte: secretes antibodies
D. Monocyte: releases histamine to damaged tissue or allergic reaction
E. Two of the above
21. Increased metabolism rates results in _______________ .
A. Increased pH
B. Decreased respiratory rates
C. Decreased body temperature
D. Decreased O2 binding affinity
E. Decreased partial blood pressure of CO2
22. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?
A. The blood flow into the atrium is prevented by the atrioventricular valve.
B. The blood flow into the ventricle is prevented by the semilunar valve.
C. Vessels that carry blood from capillaries to heart are called veins.
D. Breathing speed will increase as CO2 levels decrease in the blood.
E. Bicarbonate ions are used to transport CO2 from the body tissues to the lungs.
23. The deposit of Ca2+ into the bones is related to _____________ hormone, and the release of Ca2+ from the bones is related to _____________ hormone.
A. Calcitonin, PTH
B. PTH, Calcitonin
C. Calcitonin, TSH
D. Glucagon, TSH
E. Insulin, Calcitonin
24. _____________ are needed in small amounts for body function as simple inorganic nutrients but in large or insufficient amounts they can be very harmful.
A. Vitamins
B. Fats
C. Minerals
D. Albumins
E. Amino acids
26. All are components for blood clotting EXCEPT _____________ .
A. Vitamin K
B. Fibrin
C. Ca2+
D. Platelets
E. K+
27. Which of the following statements about the functions of the liver is NOT true?
A. Glycogen synthesis
B. Plasma protein synthesis
C. Conversion of ammonia into urea
D. Detoxification
E. All are correct.
28. Which of following is the correct order of passage of urea in the human body?
A. Glomerulus → descending loop of Henle → ureter → urethra
B. Bowman’s capsule → ascending loop of Henle → descending loop of Henle → ureter
C. Distal tubule → descending loop of Henle → ascending loop of Henle → collecting duct
D. Bowman’s capsule → glomerulus → distal tubule → urinary bladder → urethra
E. None of the above
29. The anterior pituitary secretes the following hormones, EXCEPT _____________.
A. Oxytocin
B. ADH
C. ACTH
D. GH
E. A and B
30. _____________ are chemical substances that are secreted outside the body and function in marking territories, courtship behavior, and classifying social order.
A. Endorphins
B. Melatonin
C. Renin
D. Pheromones
E. Minerals
31. Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about cardiac pressure?
A. Cardiac output means pumping blood from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries and is measured by stroke volume times heart rate per minute.
B. Stroke volume is the amount of pumped blood from the atrium.
C. Systole is ventricular contraction.
D. Diastole is ventricular relaxation.
E. None of the above
32. Which of the following are NOT phagocytic cells?
A. Eosinophils
B. Monocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Platelets
E. Two of the above
33. In the pathway of circulation, the _____________ contains the most oxygenated blood and the _____________ has the lowest velocity of blood.
A. Left atrium, right ventricle
B. Pulmonary vein, capillary of the body
C. Capillary of the body, pulmonary artery
D. Aorta, anterior and posterior vena cava
E. Pulmonary vein, right ventricle
34. Bile salts _______________ .
A. Can be used to absorb protein in the small intestine.
B. Are made by the gall bladder.
C. Are enzymes.
D. Emulsify fats.
E. Are stored in the liver.
35. The esophagus lining can be burnt by gastric reflux when the _____________ malfunctions.
A. Upper esophageal sphincter
B. Cardiac orifice
C. Pyloric sphincter
D. Peristalsis
E. Chief cells
36. The following statements are about the human kidney. Which is NOT correct?
A. Reabsorption of water is related to the descending loop of Henle.
B. Reabsorption of salt is related to the ascending loop of Henle.
C. Reabsorption of glucose is related to the proximal tubule.
D. The transport system of blood to kidney is the renal artery.
E. The main function of filtration is performed by the distal tubule.
37. During filtration glucose is moved by _____________ and during reabsorption water is moved by _____________ at the loop of Henle.
A. Active transport, passive transport
B. Active transport, active transport
C. Diffusion, passive transport
D. Passive transport, passive transport
E. Diffusion, active transport
38. Which of the following is related to hypothyroidism?
A. Insufficient secretion of thyroid hormone
B. Graves’ disease
C. Weight loss
D. Poor emotional control
E. High blood pressure
39. Which of the following correctly describe the capillary oncotic pressure?
Ⅰ. Driving force of fluid out of capillaries Ⅱ. Driving force of fluid into capillaries Ⅲ. Much greater force than capillary hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end of capillary Ⅳ. Much greater force than capillary hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of capillary Ⅴ. Proteins in blood plasma cause most of the driving force in capillaries |
A. I and III
B. II and IV
C. I, III, and V
D. II, IV, and V
E. I, IV, and V
40. All of the following statements are true about the stomach EXCEPT _______________.
A. It functions in digestion, absorption, storage, and mechanical breakdown.
B. Chyme in the stomach can be controlled by the pyloric sphincter to move into the small intestine.
C. Mucus is secreted by mucus cells to lubricate and protect the stomach cell lining.
D. Pepsin is produced by chief cells.
E. HCl is produced by parietal cells.
41. All of the following describe secretin EXCEPT _______________.
A. Stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate
B. Is a kind of hormone
C. Prohibits gastric secretion
D. Secretion site is stomach
E. C & D
42. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?
A. A wave of muscular contraction to move food is called peristalsis.
B. The functions of pancreas, liver, and gall bladder help the small intestine to digest food.
C. Most of digestion occurs in the small intestine.
D. The major parts of the small intestine that absorb nutrients are the microvilli.
E. The large intestine produces some secretions to help digestion.
43. Which of the following applies to secretion in the renal system?
A. Passive transport
B. Transport materials from renal tubule to peritubular capillary
C. Descending or ascending loop of Henle
D. Salt and pH regulation
E. High concentration of urea
44. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A. Gigantism can be related to the anterior pituitary gland.
B. Endocrine glands secrete their products (hormones) into ducts.
C. A chemical messenger is called a hormone.
D. The pancreas contains exocrine and endocrine glands.
E. Steroid hormone receptors are intracellular and work in the nucleus.
45. Which of the following pairs is INCORRECT?
A. Prolactin – milk production
B. Oxytocin – inducing labor and initiating milk release
C. GH – increasing cell size
D. FSH – stimulating production of sperm and ova
E. None of the above
46. Which of the following does NOT apply to vitamins?
A. Organic molecules
B. Small amounts required for normal body function
C. Insufficiency causes serious problems
D. Two types: water soluble and fat soluble
E. Synthesized by animals
47. Which of the following is NOT directly related to the cardiovascular system?
A. Heart
B. Blood pressure
C. Blood vessels
D. Blood
E. None of the above
48. Which of the following molecules can be broken down in the stomach?
A. Polysaccharides
B. Fat
C. Nucleic acid
D. Protein
E. Disaccharides
49. All of the following are reabsorbed inside the kidney, EXCEPT _____________.
A. Salt
B. Water
C. Glucose
D. Amino acid
E. Glucogen
50. Alcohol hinders the secretion of _____________ , so when people drink too much alcohol, they lose excess urinary water, so the next day they feel very thirsty.
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH
C. PTH
D. Calcitonin
E. None of the above.
Answers
1. A
During inspiration, the diaphragm moves downward and contracts. The contracted diaphragm creates negative air pressure in the expanded lungs and air moves into the alveoli in the lungs. During expiration, the diaphragm moves upward and expands. It creates positive air pressure in the constricted lungs and air moves out of the alveoli.
2. D
Alveoli are air sacs that function as the location for gas exchange in the lungs. The pharynx, larynx, and bronchioles are the route for air passage. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract.
3. A
In this question, CO2 travels from capillaries out through the nasal cavity via the lungs. Capillaries → anterior or posterior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary capillaries → alveoli → bronchioles → bronchi → trachea → larynx → pharynx → out through the nasal cavity. It’s a long journey!!
4. C
An artery is a large vessel with a thick muscular wall to resist the high pressure. The thinnest and smallest vessels are the capillaries, which function to exchange gas, nutrients, and waste with body cells. Venules connect capillaries and veins. Vessels that transport blood into the heart are called veins. Veins have low blood pressure, so there are valves to prevent back flow.
5. B
Cholecystokinin (CCK) and enterogastrone are hormones secreted by the duodenum. CCK stimulates the production of bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic enzymes. Enterogastrone inhibits gastric secretion and motility of the stomach. Gastrin stimulates the production of gastric juices in the stomach. Glucogon and insulin, hormones for the regulation of blood glucose levels, are secreted by the pancreas. Glucogon increases blood glucose, while insulin decreases blood glucose.
6. B
All are true for the adrenal cortex except B. The adrenal cortex responds to long term stress. The adrenal medulla, stimulated by the hypothalamus, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones for the short term stress response.
7. E
Insects have hemolymph fluid, in which blood and interstitial fluid are the same. Fish have two chambers and one circuit in a closed circulatory system. Frogs use lungs and skin to exchange O2 and CO2 and have three chambers and two circuits. Birds and mammals have the most well developed circulatory system, with four chambers and two circuits.
8. E
All are true. Gas exchange occurs between alveolar spaces and capillaries of the lungs. Partial pressure of O2 in the alveolar spaces is higher than in the capillaries of the lungs, so that O2 moves from the alveolar spaces into the capillaries of the lungs. Partial pressure of CO2 in the capillaries of the lungs, however, is higher than the alveolar spaces, so CO2 flows from the capillaries of the lungs to the alveolar spaces. Before these gases are exchanged, CO2 and O2 have to pass through the moist area by diffusion. Birds have different air passageways for inhalation and exhalation. One direction of air passes through tiny parallel tubes called parabronchi. The capillaries of the body have the largest area, so the velocity of blood flow is lower than in any other vessel.
9. E
Polysaccharides begin to be broken down into disaccharides (not monosaccharides) by salivary amylase in the mouth. In the stomach protein is digested only by pepsin and in the small intestine fat is broken down into glycerol and fatty acid by pancreatic lipase.
10. D
Steroid hormones (such as androgens, estrogens, progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone) can bind to receptors in the nucleus through plasma membranes. Most other hormones, like antidiuretic hormones, are peptide hormones.
11. D
External respiration means O2 and CO2 exchange outside of the cells. Exchanging gas between lungs and pulmonary capillaries, transporting gas, and exchanging gas between systemic capillaries and cells are all external respiration.
12. A
In the villi of the small intestine, fatty acid and glycerol are absorbed by lacteals and moved to the blood via lymph vessels. Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by blood capillaries and moved to the liver via hepatic portal vessels. Parietal cells and chief cells are in the stomach.
13. E
Passage of waste product from renal system to out of body: Glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule → proximal tubule → descending loop of Henle → ascending loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct → ureter → urinary Bladder → urethra. As waste product passes through each stage, the concentration of urea becomes higher.
14. C
Plasma proteins are albumin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulins. Albumin regulates osmotic balance or blood pressure and pH buffering. Fibrinogen is one component for blood clotting, and immunoglobulins are antibodies. Thrombin is an enzyme, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin in blood clotting. Myoglobin is a protein with a monomer shape, which binds O2 and is stored in muscles.
15. A
Vitamin A, also called retinal, is a fat soluble vitamin that is important for the functioning of photoreceptors of the retina. Dietary deficiency of Vitamin A can cause vision problems.
16. E
All are true. The pancreas secretes bicarbonate ions, amylase, lipase, and trypsin as an exocrine gland and also secretes glucagons and insulin hormones as an endocrine gland.
17. C
Aldosterone hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, reabsorbs water and sodium at distal tubules in the kidney and increases blood pressure. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 for controlling homeostatic functions and cellular metabolism. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates liver and bone for increasing cell size and cell division. ACTH, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone and cortisol hormones for the long term stress response.
18. A
Air passage from outside the body into the lungs:
Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
19. D
In high elevations the differences of partial O2 and CO2 pressures decreases because of low atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the gas exchange rates between alveolar spaces and alveolar capillaries decrease and the gas-exchange rates between tissue capillaries and tissue cells also decreases. Finally, the person can hardly breath and becomes tired. Circulation of blood is related to cardiac pressure.
20. E
A and C are correct. Red blood cells transport O2 and CO2. They lack nuclei and mitochondria, and cannot repair themselves. Basophils secrete chemical histamine to damaged tissue or allergic reaction. Lymphocyte has T cells and B cells. B cells make antibodies from plasma cells. Monocytes become macrophages.
21. D
Increased metabolism rates increase body temperatures and partial blood pressure of CO2 and decrease blood pH level. Therefore, the O2 binding affinity of hemoglobin is decreased.
22. D
The medulla oblongata controls pH level by detecting CO2 concentration in the blood. The breathing speed increases when the blood CO2 level is high, while the breathing speed decreases when the blood CO2 level is low.
23. A
Calcitonin, released by the thyroid gland, reduces the blood calcium levels by osteoblasts of bone. PTH (parathyroid hormone), released by the parathyroid gland, raises the blood calcium levels by osteoclasts of bone. TSH (thyroid stimulation hormone) stimulates the thyroid to control homeostatic functions and cellular metabolism. Glucagon increases blood glucose.
24. C
Minerals are inorganic nutrients that are regulated by the excretion of urine or sweat. Important minerals in the body are sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorine, and sulfur.
25. D
Vitamins are not inorganic nutrients but organic compounds; so, vitamins are not minerals.
26. E
K+ is one important factor in neurons. Vitamin K, Ca2+, and platelets are clotting materials, which convert a prothrombin to an active thrombin enzyme. Fibrin converted by thrombin forms the framework of a clot at the site of damaged tissue.
27. E
All are true. The liver has multiple functions, such as bile production, destruction of red blood cells, glycogen synthesis and breakdown, synthesis of plasma proteins, conversion of ammonia into urea, and detoxification.
28. A
Passage of waste product from renal system to out of body: Glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule → proximal tubule → descending loop of Henle → ascending loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct → ureter → urinary Bladder → urethra.
29. E
The anterior pituitary secretes GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin, and MSH, while the posterior pituitary secretes ADH and oxytocin.
30. D
Animals use chemical substances to communicate with each other by odors outside the body. These substances are called pheromones. Pheromones function in courtship, marking territory, and classifying social order between members of the same species.
32. D
Eosinophils, monocytes, and neutrophils are phagocytic cells. Platelets function in the process of blood clotting.
33. B
Most clean and oxygenated blood is contained in the pulmonary vein because this blood is from the lungs right after oxygenation, while most deoxygenated blood is contained in the anterior and posterior vena cava. The capillaries have the lowest velocity of blood.
34. D
Bile containing bile salts and bicarbonate is made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile salts are not enzymes but used only for emulsification of fat in the small intestine.
35. B
The cardiac orifice regulates the passage of food between esophagus and stomach. If it does not work, the strong acid chyme in the stomach may back flow to the esophagus and burn the esophagus lining. The upper esophageal sphincter controls the food passage between pharynx and esophagus and the pyloric sphincter controls the passage of acid chyme between the stomach and small intestine. Peristalsis is a wave of muscular contraction in the esophagus. Chief cells secrete pepsin in the stomach.
36. E
Water, glucose, and small solutes are filtrated from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule. Salt and water are secreted or reabsorbed between distal tubule and peritubular capillary.
37. A
Filtration means that protein-free plasma is filtered by active transport from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule. Reabsorption is the movement of salts, water, and nutrients from the renal tubule to peritubular capillaries. Especially water is reabsorbed by osmosis (passive transport) at the descending loop of Henle.
38. A
One of the metabolic disorders of the thyroid gland is hypothyroidism, which is caused by insufficient secretion of thyroid hormone. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include a low rate of metabolism with cold intolerance, lethargy, and weight gain. The features of hyperthyroidism are the opposite of hypothyroidism. Graves’ disease, weight loss, poor emotional control, and high blood pressure are symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
39. D
Capillary pressure and hydrostatic pressure are called Starling forces. Proteins of blood plasma pull fluid into the capillaries. This is called oncotic pressure. This pressure is much greater than the capillary hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of capillary.
40. D
All are true except D. Pepsinogen, which is produced by chief cells, is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid (HCl).
41. E
Secretin hormone is produced by the duodenum and stimulates the pancreas to secrete sodium bicarbonate for neutralizing acid chyme. Enterogastrone prohibits the gastric secretion.
42. E
All are true except E. The functions of the large intestine are the absorption of water and ions, storage of feces, and absorption of vitamin K, which is produced by harbor bacteria. There is no secretion of enzymes or hormones in the large intestine.
43. D
Renal system secretion is the transport of materials such as toxins and salts from peritubular capillary to renal tubule by active transport. Secretion and reabsorption function in regulation of salt and pH in body fluids. Descending or ascending loop of Henle is related to reabsorption, and high concentration of urea is related to excretion.
44. B
Endocrine glands, called ductless glands, secrete their products or hormones into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts. Giantism is related to Growth Hormone (GH) in the anterior pituitary gland.
47. E
The cardiovascular system supplies oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and takes out wastes from the body. Heart, blood pressure, blood, and blood vessels are all necessary to transport these materials.
48. D
Pepsin secreted by the stomach begins to break down protein into small polypeptides. Salivary amylase starts to break down polysaccharides into disaccharides in the mouth. All of the above molecules can be digested in the small intestine.
49. E
The proximal tubule secretes and reabsorbs water, salts, and nutrients (glucose, amino acid). The descending loop of Henle reabsorbs water and the ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs NaCl. The distal tubule secretes and reabsorbs water and salts.
50. B
Alcohol and caffeine inhibit the release of ADH hormone, which functions in reabsorption of water, so people become dehydrated by this reaction. Aldosterone is a stress response hormone that increases blood pressure and breathing rates. PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcitonin are hormones that regulate blood calcium levels. PTH increases the blood calcium levels, while calcitonin decreases the blood calcium levels.