II. Taxonomy questions
Taxonomy questions
There are a total of 67 taxonomy questions, which are important content-oriented in the summary part of this chapter. Click the ‘Answer’ button to see the corresponding answers and explanations, and click the ‘Go back’ button to slove the next questions.
1. The alternation of generation that is half diploid and half haploid applies to which kingdom?
A. Animals
B. Fungi
C. Plants
D. Monera
E. Protists
2. Which of the following is an INCORRECTLY matched pair of a plant hormone and its function.
A. Ethylene: Stimulating fruit ripening
B. Gibberellins: Stimulating flowering and stem elongation
C. Auxin: Growing toward light
D. Abscisic acid: Stopping cell division and growth
E. All are correct.
3. The pore for exchanging gas at the plant leaf is called _______________.
A. Phloem
B. Xylem
C. Stoma
D. Cuticle
E. Epidermis
4. What is a common characteristic shared by angiosperms and gymnosperms?
A. Having a seed
B. Flowering plants
C. Naked seeds
D. Producing fruit
E. Nonvascular plants
5. All of these statements apply to the mycorrhizae of fungi EXCEPT _______________ .
A. It is the root of fungi.
B. It has a symbiotic parasitism relationship with plants.
C. Plants supply organic nutrients to fungi.
D. Fungi supply minerals to plants.
E. All of the above.
6. Which of the following does NOT include autotrophic organisms?
A. Archaea
B. Protista
C. Fungi
D. Plantae
E. Bacteria
7. The structure of _____________ is used to scrape or cut food at the mouth region of snails.
A. Radula
B. Operculum
C. Siphon
D. Adductor muscle
E. Mantle
8. Three domains are _______________ ?
A. Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
B. Eukaria, prokariotia, bacteria
C. Archaea, bacteria, prokariotia
D. Eukaria, protista, bacteria
E. Monera, protista, eukaria
9. Which of the following contain(s) cells in diploid stage in plants?
A. Spores
B. Gametophytes
C. Gametes
D. Sporophyte
E. C and D
10. Which of the following is one of the Protista that resembles fungi and causes Irish potato blight?
A. Oomycetes
B. Diatoms
C. Apicomplexans
D. Ciliates
E. Red algae
11. Which of the following is a correct statement about the plant stem?
A. Pit pairs can be seen in phloem.
B. Sieve tubes and companion cells are major structures for xylem.
C. Undifferentiated and actively dividing cells called vascular cambium are responsible for growing xylem and phloem.
D. Water and minerals are carried by major forces of active transport.
E. Pith, called ground tissue, covers the cambium, and dermal tissue covers the outside of the stem.
12. Which of the following shows the correct order from earliest to most recent in vertebrate animals?
1. Aves 2. Agnatha 3. Osteichthyes 4. Reptilia |
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 2, 3, 4, 1
C. 2, 4, 3, 1
D. 1, 2, 4, 3
E. None of the above
13. Plants are classified as monocots and dicots. Which of the following features are found in monocots?
A. Two cotyledons
B. Main root system
C. No secondary growth
D. Reticulated leaf veins
E. Circular oriented vascular bundles
14. Which of the following is the correct order of the hierarchy from high to low?
A. Domain → Kingdom → Family → Class
B. Kingdom → Domain → Phylum → Order
C. Domain → Class → Family → Order
D. Kingdom → Family → Genus → Species
E. Species → Order → Phylum → Kingdom
15. Which is NOT a common characteristic of arthropods?
A. Well developed sensory structures
B. Chitinous exoskeleton
C. Closed circulatory system
D. Jointed appendages
E. None of the above
16. Which of the following is NOT asexual reproduction?
A. Parthenogenesis
B. Budding
C. Regeneration
D. Oviparity
E. Fragmentation
17. The characters of club fungi and elaborate fruiting bodies such as mushrooms, rusts, and toadstools belong to _______________ .
A. Ascomycota
B. Chytridomomycota
C. Glomeromycota
D. Basidiomycota
E. Zyomycota
18. In the hierarchy, the same _______________ of two organisms are the most closely related to each other.
A. Genus
B. Domain
C. Order
D. Species
E. Phylum
19. Which of the following kingdoms includes euglenids, algae, and amoeba?
A. Fungi
B. Plantae
C. Protista
D. Monera
E. Animalia
20. Which of the following explanations for deuterostomes is NOT correct?
A. They are coelomates.
B. Mouths are developed from the first opening of the blastopore.
C. Phylum echinodermata and chordata are deuterostomes.
D. Most animals have bilateral symmetry.
E. All of the above
21. The notochord _______________ .
A. Appears in the embryo stage of most vertebrate animals
B. Is an attachment point of muscles
C. Is located between the dorsal nerve cord and digestive tube
D. Disappears in adults
E. All of the above
22. Which of the following is a modified stem that has an underground storage stem and enlarged ends of rhizomes such as potatoes?
A. Tubers
B. Rhizomes
C. Stolons
D. Buls
E. Cork cambiums
23. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about sponges?
A. They are the most ancient lineage of animal.
B. They have choanocytes to make a water current.
C. They belong to the phylum porifera.
D. They respire by diffusion.
E. They have a cnidocyte to catch prey.
24. Among the reproduction methods in animals, _______________ is to separate the adult body into two or more organisms that are generally the same size.
A. Parthenogenesis
B. Regeneration
C. Fragmentation
D. Fission
E. Hermaphroditism
25. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about plant tissues?
A. Parenchyma cells are composed of thin and flexible primary cell walls and function in metabolism and photosynthesis.
B. The thick and flexible primary cell walls are collenchyma cells.
C. Sclerenchyma cells are composed of thicker and rigid secondary cell walls and play an important role of supporting elements of the plant.
D. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are dead cells.
E. All are correct statements.
26. Which of the following are NOT fungi?
A. Mosses
B. Yeasts
C. Molds
D. Penicillium
E. Mushrooms
27. _______________ is a tube system in insects to breathe through spiracles.
A. Lung
B. Malphigian tubule
C. Metanephridium
D. Tracheae
E. Choanocyte
28. Animals and fungi use organic chemicals as an energy source and organic compounds as carbon sources. This metabolic adaptation is called _______________.
A. Photoautotrophy
B. Photoheterotrophy
C. Chemoheterotrophy
D. Chemoautotrophy
E. Heteroautotrophy
29. Which of the following is a Kingdom?
A. Eukaria
B. Animalia
C. Chordata
D. Mammalia
E. Homo sapiens
30. Animals that have a polyp and medusa stage are likely to be all of the following EXCEPT _______________.
A. Phylum cnidarian
B. Gastrovascular cavity
C. Triploblastic
D. Jellyfish and corals belonging to the same phylum
E. Tentacles
31. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about Protista?
A. Diplomonadida and parabasalids are usually the same group due to reduced mitochondria.
B. Oomycetes have hyphae like fungi, but the hyphae of oomycetes are composed of different components from fungi; therefore the two structures are analogous structures.
C. Two membranes of euglenids are the evidence of secondary endosymbiosis.
D. Symbiosis organisms between algae and fungi are called lichen.
E. None of the above
32. The sporophyte stage begins immediately after the _____________ stage.
A. Zygote
B. Spore
C. Gametophyte
D. Gamete
E. Fertilization
33. The metanephridium functions in the excretion of wastes from the blood. Which phylum has this feature?
A. Mollusca
B. Annelida
C. Arthropoda
D. Nematoda
E. Rotifera
34. Most mammals are _______________ and many reptiles are _______________ .
A. Oviparous, ovoviviparous
B. Viviparous, ovoviviparous
C. Viviparous, oviparous
D. Ovoviviparous, viviparous
E. Ovoviviparous, oviparous
35. Which of the following contains the largest number of organisms in the hierarchy?
A. Genus
B. Domain
C. Kingdom
D. Species
E. Phylum
36. Which of the following statements are true?
Ⅰ. Virus and bacteria are included in the kingdom monera. Ⅱ. Monera and protista consist of mostly unicellular animals and both have nucleoids. Ⅲ. Prokaria have locomotion by flagella and reproduce by binary fission. Ⅳ. Photosynthetic organisms belong to the kingdoms plantae and protista. |
A. I only
B. I and III
C. I, II, and III
D. III and IV
E. All of the above
37. Which kingdom does NOT belong to domain eukarya?
A. Protista
B. Monera
C. Fungi
D. Plantae
E. Animalia
38. Which of the following belongs to the male stage in the life cycle of plants?
- Only diploid
- Archegonia
- Zygote
- Microspore
- Sporophyte
39. Which is NOT true about the Echinodermata?
A. They are Deuterostomes.
B. They are radially symmetrical organisms.
C. Sea urchins and sea stars belong to this phylum.
D. They are closer to the phylum chordate than any other phylum.
E. None of the above.
40. Organisms characterized as heterotrophs, such as mold or yeast, can be found in kingdom _______________ .
A. Protista
B. Monera
C. Plantae
D. Fungi
E. Animalia
41. Kingdom protista differs from kingdom monera because it _______________.
A. Contains organisms that reproduce by binary fission.
B. Contains eukaryotic cells.
C. Is most multicellular.
D. Includes heterotrophs.
E. Contains organisms that have a nucleoid.
42. Which of the following organisms belongs to a different phylum from the others?
A. Crabs
B. Shrimp
C. Clams
D. Grasshoppers
E. Ticks
43. Most Protista have unicellular structures, but these organisms have developed multicellularity. What are these organisms?
A. Euglenids
B. Giaridias
C. Diatoms
D. Brown algae
E. Ciliates
44. Which of the following is most plantlike?
A. Euglenids
B. Dinoflagellates
C. Golden algae
D. Red algae
E. Green algae
45. In which kingdom are found the characteristics of conjugation and binary fission?
A. Monera
B. Protista
C. Fungi
D. Plantae
E. Animalia
46. Which of the following are NOT characteristics of fungi?
A. Heterotrophic
B. Most unicellular
C. Symbionts
D. Both asexual and sexual reproduction
E. Mycelium
47. Which of the following does NOT apply to ascomycota of fungi?
A. Sac fungi
B. Includes lichen
C. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
D. Production of sexual or asexual spores
E. Yeast, truffles, and morels
48. Which of the following plant is a gymnosperm?
A. Pine
B. Mosses
C. Hornwart
D. Banana
E. Apples
49. Which term applies to animals that undergo embryonic torsion and have an open circulation system?
A. Phylum Annelida
B. Gastropoda
C. Tentacles with cephalization
D. Siphons
E. Diploblastic
50. Which of the following is NOT a vascular plant?
A. Angiosperms
B. Horsetails
C. Pines
D. Lycophytes
E. Hornworts
51. Which of the following phylum is the latest lineage of animals?
A. Porifera
B. Echinodermata
C. Annelida
D. Chordata
E. Cnidarian
52. An animal that has a closed circulatory system and metanephridium to excrete CO2 and nitrogen waste is likely to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT _______________.
A. Protostomes
B. Incomplete digestive system
C. Coelomates
D. Bilateral symmetry
E. Ventral nerve cords
53. The following apply to the phylum Platyhelminthes EXCEPT _______________ .
A. Three germ layers
B. A partial body cavity
C. Flatworms
D. Class Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda
E. Parasitic species
54. Which of the following are male parts in the flower structure?
A. Stigma
B. Filament
C. Style
D. Ovary
E. Sepal
55. Among triploblastic animals, pseudocoelomate organisms _______________ .
A. Contain the phylum nematode and rotiferia.
B. Have an incomplete body cavity.
C. Have ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
D. Have a digestive tract.
E. All of the above.
56. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals?
A. Notochord
B. Pharyngeal slits
C. Posterior tail
D. Ventral nerve cord
E. None of the above
57. Which of the following organisms does NOT belong to kingdom Monera?
A. Gram-positive bacteria
B. Blue-green algae
C. Amoeba
D. Sulfolobus
E. Spirochete
58. _______________ as a pathogen has intricate life cycles and causes malaria disease by infected mosquito.
A. Trypanosoma
B. Euglena
C. Plasmodium
D. Giardia
E. Amoeba
59. Which kingdom plays a major role in an ecosystem as decomposer?
A. Plantae
B. Fungi
C. Protista
D. Monera
E. Archaea
60. The place for receiving the pollen during the fertilization in the flower structure is called _____________.
A. Stigma
B. Style
C. Anther
D. Ovary
E. Petal
61. Which of the following does NOT belong to the phylum nematoda?
A. Ascaris and hook worms
B. Organisms with an incomplete digestive system
C. Pseudocoelomates
D. Roundworms
E. Parasites
62. Which of the following is NOT related to the phylum Mollusca?
A. Cephalopoda
B. Bivalvia
C. Gastropoda
D. Crustacea
E. Protostome
63. What is the common feature of the phylum Mollusca?
A. Mantle
B. Closed circulation system
C. Open circulation system
D. Adductor muscle
E. Movement by longitudinal muscle
64. Which of the following is the most advanced invertebrate, which has a well developed nerve system?
A. Snail
B. Dog
C. Grasshopper
D. Octopus
E. Planaria
65. Which of the following is true for pseudocoelomate animals?
A. They have no body cavity.
B. They have a radial symmetry.
C. They do not have a mesoderm.
D. Phylum Nematoda and Rotifera belong to this category.
E. They have incomplete digestive systems.
66. All of the following are related to the phylum Chordata EXCEPT _______________.
A. Starfish
B. Deuterostomes
C. Tunicate
D. Invertebrata
E. Notochord
67. A man found a creature that has two pairs of wings, three pairs of legs, and a body divided in thirds: head, thorax, and abdomen. Which class does it belong to?
A. Insecta
B. Crustacean
C. Arachnids
D. Myriapoda
E. Gastropoda
Answers
1. C
The sexual life cycle of plants is alternation of generation, which is a half diploid and half haploid cycle of multicellular stages. Animals are diploid life cycle dominated. Fungi and protists are haploid life cycle dominated.
2. E
The hormone auxin also is responsible for roots growing downward (gravitropism) and growing toward water (hydrotropism).
3. C
The stoma, which is the place for exchanging gas, is controlled by two guard cells. The phloem is a passage for transporting nutrients and sugars, and the xylem is a route for carrying water and minerals. The cuticle is a wax layer for protecting epidermal cells. The epidermis is a place for producing wax to make the cuticle.
4. A
Both angiosperms and gymnosperms are seed plants contained in vascular plants. Flowering plants and producing fruit are characteristics of angiosperms. Naked seeds are characteristics of gymnosperms.
5. B
Mycorrhizae are specialized structures of fungi. It gives plants minerals or phosphate ions and takes organic nutrients into fungi from plants. Therefore, this structure forms a symbiotic mutual relationship.
6. C
Autotrophs, self-feeders, can produce their own food and organic molecules from CO2. Sulfolobus of archaea can live in sulfur-rich volcanic springs by using CO2 as a carbon source and sulfate as an energy source. Euglena and algae of protista have chloroplasts and can therefore produce their own food. Plantae which is photosynthetic organisms is autotrophs as well. Bacteria, such as gram-negative bacteria, include photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs. Fungi are heterotrophs, which cannot produce their own food and have to obtain organic molecules from other organisms.
7. A
The operculum is a bony flap that covers the gills. The siphon, which passes water in and out between valves, is characteristic of the class Bivalvia. The adductor muscle controls valves. The mantle is a sheath of skin covering the visceral mass.
9. D
Zygotes, sporophytes, and sporangia are diploid, whereas spores, gametophytes, and gametes are haploid.
10. A
Oomycetes causing Irish potato blight have hyphae to absorb nutrients like fungi. They, however, have cell walls made of cellulose, so these organisms are not the same as fungi. Water mold and downy mildews are included in oomycetes.
11. C
Pit pairs are structures for the xylem and sieve tubes and companion cells are for the phloem. Surface tension and negative pressure are main forces of transporting water and minerals in the xylem. Pith is located in the center of vascular tissues, and periderm covers cork cambium and dermal tissue.
12. B
The correct developing lineage from late to recent:
Agnatha → Chondrichthyes → Osteichthyes → Amphibia → Reptilia → Aves → Mammalia.
13. C
All information is about dicots except C. Monocots do not develop secondary growth. Monocots have one cotyledon, a fibrous root system, parallel leaf veins, and scattered vascular bundles.
14. D
Correct order of hierarchy from high to low:
Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
15. C
The features of arthropods are open circulatory system, jointed appendages, exoskeletons of cuticle, well developed sensory structures, and metamorphosis.
16. D
All birds are oviparous, which means that fertilized eggs are laid and hatched outside mother’s body. Parthenogenesis, budding, regeneration, and fragmentation are asexual reproduction.
17. D
Basidiomycota are called club fungi and have fruiting bodies called basidiocarps in sexual reproduction.
18. D
Because species is the lowest level of the hierarchy, it contains the most closely related organisms.
19. C
Kingdom Protista contains the most unicellular animals such as euglenids, algae, amoeba, and ciliates.
20. B
Deuterostome means that the anus develops from the first opening of the blastopore, whereas protostome means that the mouth develops from the first opening of the blastopore.
21. E
One of the four characteristics of vertebrates is the notochord, which is a flexible rod structure that is present in the embryo stage of the life cycle.
22. A
Rhizomes are horizontal stems along or below the ground, such as ginger. Stolons are horizontal stems along the ground such as strawberries. Buls are short and vertical underground stems such as onions. Cork cambiums are structures for growing the secondary dermal tissue.
24. D
Fission is a separation of a parental body into two parts. Parthenogenesis is developing an egg without fertilization. Regeneration is growing of lost body parts. Fragmentation is the breaking of the parent body into several pieces and growing into new individuals. Hermaphroditism means that individuals have both male and female reproductive systems and produce both sperm and eggs.
27. D
Class insecta, such as grasshoppers, have tracheal tubes for respiration and malpighian tubules for excretion of wastes. The metanephridium in earthworms is the excretory system. Choanocytes are used for creating water currents through water channels to get food particles.
28. C
Photoautotrophs use light and CO2 as energy and carbon sources. Photoheterotrophs use light and organic compounds as energy and carbon sources. Chemoautotrophs use inorganic chemicals and CO2 as energy and carbon sources. Heteroautotrophy does not exist.
29. B
Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia are the five kingdoms. Eukarya is a domain and chordate is a phylum. Mammalia is a class and homo sapiens is a species.
30. C
Polyps and medusa stages are distinctive features of the hydra and belong in phylum cnidarian, which has characteristics of a gastrovascular cavity, tentacles, and radial symmetry. Jellyfish, corals, and anemones belong to the same phylum. Cnidarian animals are diploblastic, not triploblastic.
31. E
All are correct. Euglenids containing two membranes of plastid, which is related to plant organelles, show the evidence of secondary endosymbiosis.
32. A
The life cycle of angiosperm:
Fertilization → Zygote (2n) → sporophyte (2n) → spores (n) → gametophyte (n) → gametes (n)
33. B
Annelida, such as earthworms, have the pair of metanephridia in each segment for removing wastes. Arthropods, such as grasshoppers, have malpighian tubules for excretion of waste from the hemolymph into the gut.
34. B
Most mammals are viviparous, which means they lay fertilized eggs within their bodies and give nourishment to their young from their blood. Many reptiles are ovoviviparous, which means they lay fertilized eggs within their bodies and young obtain nourishment from the egg yolk. All birds are oviparous, which means they lay fertilized eggs outside their bodies and young obtain nourishment from the egg yolk.
35. B
Because domain is the highest level of the hierarchy, it contains the largest number of organisms.
36. D
Bacteria are included in kingdom monera, but viruses do not belong to any kingdom because they are not living organisms. Monera and protista are most unicellular animals and monera have nucleoids but protista have a nucleus. Prokaria, such as bacteria and archaea, move by flagella. Reproduction by asexually binary fission and transferring information by conjugation are the characteristic of prokaria. Kingdom plantae and kingdom protista, such as euglena and algae, include photosynthetic organisms.
37. B
Monera, also called prokaria, is included in the domain bacteria or archaea. Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia are included in domain eukaria.
38. D
Microspores, antheridia, and sperm belong to the male stage. Megaspores, archegonia, and eggs belong to female stage. Zygote and sporophyte are diploid stages after fertilization.
39. E
Echinoderma, such as sea stars, have water vascular system, endoskeleton of dermal calcareous ossicles, nervous system with a circulating ring, and radial nerves.
40. D
Fungi have an important role in an ecosystem as decomposers. They have characteristics of heterotrophs, parasites, mutualists, and decomposers. Mold, yeast, and mushrooms belong to kingdom Fungi.
41. B
Kingdom protista has eukaryotic cells, whereas kingdom monera has prokaryotic cells. Kingdom monera contains organisms that reproduce by binary fission and have a nucleoid. Most multicellular is one characteristic of kingdom animalia and heterotrophs are characteristic of kingdom fungi.
42. C
Clams belong to the phylum mollusca. Crabs, shrimp, grasshoppers, and ticks belong to the phylum arthropoda.
43. D
Brown algae living in the sea are the most complex algae and have multicellular structures. These organisms include seaweed, laminaria, and macrocystis.
45. A
Organisms of the kingdom Monera (bacteria and archaea) undergo asexual reproduction by binary fission and transferring information by conjugation.
46. B
Fungi are mostly multicellular, except yeast. Mycelium is an interwoven mass of hyphae and functions in filtering the materials for feeding.
47. C
All of the above apply to ascomycota except C. Ascomycota reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual spores in sacs are called asci and asexual spores are called conidia. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are included in glomeromycota.
48. A
Gymnosperms are naked seeds such as pines, ginkgo, and cycads. Mosses and hornwort are bryophytes, which are nonvascular plants and gametophyte dominant. Bananas and apples are angiosperms, which are flowing plants and produce fruit.
49. B
Organisms of the class gastropoda, which belong to the phylum mollusca, undergo embryonic torsion and have an open circulation system, radula, and operculum. Tentacles with cephalization are characteristic of the class cephalopoda, and siphons are of the class bivalvia. All mollusca organisms are triploblastic.
50. E
Vascular plants are divided into seedless vascular plants and seed plants. Lycophytes, such as club mosses and spike mosses, and pterophytes, such as ferns and horsetails, are included in seedless vascular plants. Gymnosperms, such as pines and ginkgos, and angiosperms, such as maples and bananas, are included in seed plants. Hornworts are bryophytes.
52. B
Phylum annelida has a closed circulatory system and metanephridium. They have protostomes, coelomates, are bilaterally symmetrical, and have a ventral nerve cord and a complete digestive system.
53. B
The phylum platyhelminthes belongs to aceolomates (no body cavity) and contains the class turbellaria (flatworms), trematoda, and cestoda. Platyhelminthes is triploblastic, having three germ layers and is a parasitic species.
54. B
Male parts, called stamen, are anther and filament, whereas female parts, called carpel, are stigma, style, and ovary. Sepal are small leaves under the flower.
56. D
Four characteristics of chordates are notochord, pharyngeal slits, posterior tail, and dorsal hollow nerve cord. The ventral nerve cord is one of the characteristics of annelida.
57. C
Gram-positive bacteria, blue-green algae, and spirochete belong to bacteria. Sulfolobus belongs to archaea. Amoeba belongs to protista.
60. A
The stigma, one of the female parts, receives the pollen during fertilization. The style is a tube for connection between ovary and stigma. The anther is a place for producing pollen, and the ovary is a female reproductive organ. The petal is used for attraction of insects to the flower.
61. B
Phylum Nematoda, called roundworms, are parasites and belong to pseudocoelomates, which have a partial body cavity. Complete digestive system, unsegmented and cuticle body, and longitudinal muscular layers are characteristic of this phylum.
62. D
Phylum mollusca, which contains class cephalopoda, bivalvia, and gastropoda, are protostomes. Crustacea belong to the phylum arthropoda.
63. A
All mollusca have a mantle, which is a sheath of skin covering the visceral mass. Most advanced mollusca, such as class cephalopoda, have closed circulation systems and class gastropoda and bivalvia have open circulation systems. Adductor muscles are present in the class bivalvia.
64. D
Cephalopoda, such as octopus and squid, have a cephalization, which is a highly advanced sensory and central nervous system in the head. Dogs are vertebrate animals.
bilateral symmetry, and complete digestive systems.
65. D
Triploblastic, having three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), applies to acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates. Pseudocoelomates have partial body cavities, bilateral symmetry, and complete digestive systems.
66. A
The phylum chordata belongsto the deuterostome category and is separated into cephalochordata (invertebrates) and vertebrata. Tunicates belong to cephalochordata, and starfish belong to the phylum echinodermata.
67. A
Organisms from the class insecta belongs to the phylum arthropods and have the characteristics of two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs, three body divisions, breathing by tracheal tubes, and excretion by malpigian tubules.