The sexual life cycle of plants is alternation of generation, which is a half diploid and half haploid cycle of multicellular stages. Animals are diploid life cycle dominated. Fungi and protists are haploid life cycle dominated.

The hormone auxin also is responsible for roots growing downward (gravitropism) and growing toward water (hydrotropism).

The stoma, which is the place for exchanging gas, is controlled by two guard cells. The phloem is a passage for transporting nutrients and sugars, and the xylem is a route for carrying water and minerals. The cuticle is a wax layer for protecting epidermal cells. The epidermis is a place for producing wax to make the cuticle.

Both angiosperms and gymnosperms are seed plants contained in vascular plants. Flowering plants and producing fruit are characteristics of angiosperms. Naked seeds are characteristics of gymnosperms.

Mycorrhizae are specialized structures of fungi. It gives plants minerals or phosphate ions and takes organic nutrients into fungi from plants. Therefore, this structure forms a symbiotic mutual relationship.

Autotrophs, self-feeders, can produce their own food and organic molecules from CO₂. Sulfolobus of archaea can live in sulfur-rich volcanic springs by using CO₂ as a carbon source and sulfate as an energy source. Euglena and algae of protista have chloroplasts and can therefore produce their own food. Plantae which is photosynthetic organisms is autotrophs as well. Bacteria, such as gram-negative bacteria, include photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs. Fungi are heterotrophs, which cannot produce their own food and have to obtain organic molecules from other organisms. 

The operculum is a bony flap that covers the gills. The siphon, which passes water in and out between valves, is characteristic of the class Bivalvia. The adductor muscle controls valves. The mantle is a sheath of skin covering the visceral mass.

Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya are three domains.

Zygotes, sporophytes, and sporangia are diploid, whereas spores, gametophytes, and gametes are haploid.

Oomycetes causing Irish potato blight have hyphae to absorb nutrients like fungi. They, however, have cell walls made of cellulose, so these organisms are not the same as fungi. Water mold and downy mildews are included in oomycetes.

Pit pairs are structures for the xylem and sieve tubes and companion cells are for the phloem. Surface tension and negative pressure are main forces of transporting water and minerals in the xylem. Pith is located in the center of vascular tissues, and periderm covers cork cambium and dermal tissue.

The correct developing lineage from late to recent:

Agnatha → Chondrichthyes → Osteichthyes → Amphibia → Reptilia → Aves → Mammalia.

All information is about dicots except C. Monocots do not develop secondary growth. Monocots have one cotyledon, a fibrous root system, parallel leaf veins, and scattered vascular bundles.

Correct order of hierarchy from high to low:

Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

The features of arthropods are open circulatory system, jointed appendages, exoskeletons of cuticle, well developed sensory structures, and metamorphosis.

All birds are oviparous, which means that fertilized eggs are laid and hatched outside mother’s body. Parthenogenesis, budding, regeneration, and fragmentation are asexual reproduction.

Basidiomycota are called club fungi and have fruiting bodies called basidiocarps in sexual reproduction.

Because species is the lowest level of the hierarchy, it contains the most closely related organisms.

Kingdom Protista contains the most unicellular animals such as euglenids, algae, amoeba, and ciliates.

Deuterostome means that the anus develops from the first opening of the blastopore, whereas protostome means that the mouth develops from the first opening of the blastopore.

One of the four characteristics of vertebrates is the notochord, which is a flexible rod structure that is present in the embryo stage of the life cycle.

Rhizomes are horizontal stems along or below the ground, such as ginger. Stolons are horizontal stems along the ground such as strawberries. Buls are short and vertical underground stems such as onions. Cork cambiums are structures for growing the secondary dermal tissue.

Cnidarians such as hydra have cnidocyte for defending their body or capturing prey.

Fission is a separation of a parental body into two parts. Parthenogenesis is developing an egg without fertilization. Regeneration is growing of lost body parts. Fragmentation is the breaking of the parent body into several pieces and growing into new individuals. Hermaphroditism means that individuals have both male and female reproductive systems and produce both sperm and eggs.

Collencyma cells are living cells, but sclenrenchyma cells are dead cells.

Mosses are bryophytes, which are nonvascular plants.

Class insecta, such as grasshoppers, have tracheal tubes for respiration and malpighian tubules for excretion of wastes. The metanephridium in earthworms is the excretory system. Choanocytes are used for creating water currents through water channels to get food particles.

Photoautotrophs use light and CO₂ as energy and carbon sources. Photoheterotrophs use light and organic compounds as energy and carbon sources. Chemoautotrophs use inorganic chemicals and CO₂ as energy and carbon sources. Heteroautotrophy does not exist.

Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia are the five kingdoms. Eukarya is a domain and chordate is a phylum. Mammalia is a class and homo sapiens is a species.

Polyps and medusa stages are distinctive features of the hydra and belong in phylum cnidarian, which has characteristics of a gastrovascular cavity, tentacles, and radial symmetry. Jellyfish, corals, and anemones belong to the same phylum. Cnidarian animals are diploblastic, not triploblastic.

All are correct. Euglenids containing two membranes of plastid, which is related to plant organelles, show the evidence of secondary endosymbiosis.

The life cycle of angiosperm:

Fertilization → Zygote (2n) → sporophyte (2n) → spores (n) → gametophyte (n) → gametes (n)

Annelida, such as earthworms, have the pair of metanephridia in each segment for removing wastes. Arthropods, such as grasshoppers, have malpighian tubules for excretion of waste from the hemolymph into the gut.

Most mammals are viviparous, which means they lay fertilized eggs within their bodies and give nourishment to their young from their blood. Many reptiles are ovoviviparous, which means they lay fertilized eggs within their bodies and young obtain nourishment from the egg yolk. All birds are oviparous, which means they lay fertilized eggs outside their bodies and young obtain nourishment from the egg yolk.

Because domain is the highest level of the hierarchy, it contains the largest number of organisms.

Bacteria are included in kingdom monera, but viruses do not belong to any kingdom because they are not living organisms. Monera and protista are most unicellular animals and monera have nucleoids but protista have a nucleus. Prokaria, such as bacteria and archaea, move by flagella. Reproduction by asexually binary fission and transferring information by conjugation are the characteristic of prokaria. Kingdom plantae and kingdom protista, such as euglena and algae, include photosynthetic organisms.

Monera, also called prokaria, is included in the domain bacteria or archaea. Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia are included in domain eukaria.

Microspores, antheridia, and sperm belong to the male stage. Megaspores, archegonia, and eggs belong to female stage. Zygote and sporophyte are diploid stages after fertilization.

Echinoderma, such as sea stars, have water vascular system, endoskeleton of dermal calcareous ossicles, nervous system with a circulating ring, and radial nerves.

Fungi have an important role in an ecosystem as decomposers. They have characteristics of heterotrophs, parasites, mutualists, and decomposers. Mold, yeast, and mushrooms belong to kingdom Fungi.

Kingdom protista has eukaryotic cells, whereas kingdom monera has prokaryotic cells. Kingdom monera contains organisms that reproduce by binary fission and have a nucleoid. Most multicellular is one characteristic of kingdom animalia and heterotrophs are characteristic of kingdom fungi.

Clams belong to the phylum mollusca. Crabs, shrimp, grasshoppers, and ticks belong to the phylum arthropoda.

Brown algae living in the sea are the most complex algae and have multicellular structures. These organisms include seaweed, laminaria, and macrocystis.

Green algae have the plant types of chloroplasts.

Organisms of the kingdom Monera (bacteria and archaea) undergo asexual reproduction by binary fission and transferring information by conjugation.

Fungi are mostly multicellular, except yeast. Mycelium is an interwoven mass of hyphae and functions in filtering the materials for feeding.

All of the above apply to ascomycota except C. Ascomycota reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual spores in sacs are called asci and asexual spores are called conidia. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are included in glomeromycota.

Gymnosperms are naked seeds such as pines, ginkgo, and cycads. Mosses and hornwort are bryophytes, which are nonvascular plants and gametophyte dominant. Bananas and apples are angiosperms, which are flowing plants and produce fruit.

Organisms of the class gastropoda, which belong to the phylum mollusca, undergo embryonic torsion and have an open circulation system, radula, and operculum. Tentacles with cephalization are characteristic of the class cephalopoda, and siphons are of the class bivalvia. All mollusca organisms are triploblastic.

Vascular plants are divided into seedless vascular plants and seed plants. Lycophytes, such as club mosses and spike mosses, and pterophytes, such as ferns and horsetails, are included in seedless vascular plants. Gymnosperms, such as pines and ginkgos, and angiosperms, such as maples and bananas, are included in seed plants. Hornworts are bryophytes.

The most well developed animals among the above are in the phylum chordata.

Phylum annelida has a closed circulatory system and metanephridium. They have protostomes, coelomates, are bilaterally symmetrical, and have a ventral nerve cord and a complete digestive system.

The phylum platyhelminthes belongs to aceolomates (no body cavity) and contains the class turbellaria (flatworms), trematoda, and cestoda. Platyhelminthes is triploblastic, having three germ layers and is a parasitic species.

Male parts, called stamen, are anther and filament, whereas female parts, called carpel, are stigma, style, and ovary. Sepal are small leaves under the flower.

All are true.

Four characteristics of chordates are notochord, pharyngeal slits, posterior tail, and dorsal hollow nerve cord. The ventral nerve cord is one of the characteristics of annelida.

Gram-positive bacteria, blue-green algae, and spirochete belong to bacteria. Sulfolobus belongs to archaea. Amoeba belongs to protista.

Plasmodium has two life cycles and infects the red blood cells inside humans.

Fungi break down dead organisms and absorb nutrients.

The stigma, one of the female parts, receives the pollen during fertilization. The style is a tube for connection between ovary and stigma. The anther is a place for producing pollen, and the ovary is a female reproductive organ. The petal is used for attraction of insects to the flower.

Phylum Nematoda, called roundworms, are parasites and belong to pseudocoelomates, which have a partial body cavity. Complete digestive system, unsegmented and cuticle body, and longitudinal muscular layers are characteristic of this phylum.

Phylum mollusca, which contains class cephalopoda, bivalvia, and gastropoda, are protostomes. Crustacea belong to the phylum arthropoda.

All mollusca have a mantle, which is a sheath of skin covering the visceral mass. Most advanced mollusca, such as class cephalopoda, have closed circulation systems and class gastropoda and bivalvia have open circulation systems. Adductor muscles are present in the class bivalvia.

Cephalopoda, such as octopus and squid, have a cephalization, which is a highly advanced sensory and central nervous system in the head. Dogs are vertebrate animals.

Triploblastic, having three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), applies to acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates. Pseudocoelomates have partial body cavities, bilateral symmetry, and complete digestive systems.

The phylum chordata belongsto the deuterostome category and is separated into cephalochordata (invertebrates) and vertebrata. Tunicates belong to cephalochordata, and starfish belong to the phylum echinodermata.

Organisms from the class insecta belongs to the phylum arthropods and have the characteristics of two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs, three body divisions, breathing by tracheal tubes, and excretion by malpigian tubules.