All of the above components influence regional climate.

Mutualism means that both species are positively affected by each other, such as an endosymbiosis between mitochondria and chloroplast, or the relationship between tick bird and rhinoceros. Commensalism is the relationship between two species in which one benefits and the other is not affected. In competition, both species are negatively affected. In parasitism and predation, one species benefits but the other is negatively affected.

Allopatric speciation is formation of a new species from its parental population by geographic isolation. Sympatric speciation is formation of a new species in a shared geographic region.

Nitrifying bacteria usually add oxygen to nitrogen such as converting ammonium (NH₄⁺) to nitrites (NO₂^–) or converting nitrites (NO₂^–) to nitrate (NO₃^–). Denitrifying bacteria is opposite nitrifying bacteria and change nitrate (NO₃^–) to nitrogen (N₂). Fixing nitrogen (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃) is nitrogen fixing bacteria.

An R-selected population maximizes growth rates. Unstable environment, rapid growth, fast maturation, many offspring, and short lifespan are characteristics of R-selection, and one example is a bacterium. A K-selected population maximizes population size. Stable environment, low reproductive rate, slow growth, and long lifespan are characteristics of K-selection, and one example is a human.

Secondary consumers are primary carnivores and eat herbivores or zooplankton. Primary consumers, such as deer, cows, and grasshoppers, are herbivores and eat plants. The plant is the producer.

All are true. Tundra is permafrost with a climate of long cold winters and short cool summers.

Analogous structures mean similar function but different structures between two different animals. Analogous structures have origins of different ancestors because of convergent evolution. Homologous structures are similar characteristic structures but different function, such as bat wing and cat forelimb, or horse foreleg and whale flipper.

Biotic factors and abiotic factors are components of ecosystems and a biosphere contains ecosystems.

The amount of energy flow is reduced by 1/10 as it moves up to the next level of the food chain. When the producer has 100% energy, then the herbivores will have 10% energy, and the primary carnivores will have 1% energy.

Imprinting means that young animals or humans learn behaviors and characteristics of some stimulus.

Hierarchical levels of organization from small to large:

Atoms → molecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organ system → organisms → species → population → communities → ecosystems → biosphere

All are true.

Habituation is when repeated stimuli causes a loss of behavioral response. Imprinting is a sensitive learning phase, and young geese following their mother is one example. Fixed action pattern is instinctive and unlearned behavior such as mating dance in animals. Spatial learning is memorizing spatial environments or locations, and associative learning is a learning process with pre-occurring information such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Freshwater fish in a hypotonic environments excrete large amount of water, which is flowing into the body. Saltwater fish in a hypertonic environment gains many salt ions and excretes small amounts of salt ions to decrease osmotic pressure.

Natural selection means that traits of organisms most suited for their environment increase in successive generations. Natural selection causes the variation of population. Evolution means genetic change in population as time goes by and competition is the struggle against each other to survive. Artificial selection is the divergent result of intentional breeding by human selection, and gradualism is profound change, slow accumulation and continuous processes.

Climax community is a late successional community and composed of stable populations such as shade trees. Pioneering community is a first colonizing community such as horsetail or willows. Secondary succession is a successional area with pre-existing soil. Keystone community has a huge impact on community, but is not abundant.

Tertiary consumers are secondary carnivores, which eat primary carnivores.

Taiga is open coniferous forest which is the habitat of many large mammals. Savanna contains dry tropical grassland, and tundra has small shrubs or vegetation.

Jean Larmarck insisted on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He also maintained one theory that body parts develop with use, and deteriorate with disuse. Charles Darwin told about the origin of species, natural selection, and artificial selection. Carolus Linnaeus established the binominal nomenclature system of taxonomy and Georges Cuvier developed theories of paleontology and catastrophism. The statement of uniformitarianism is from Charles Lyell.

Cryptic coloration, a defensive adaptation, is camouflage to protect from predators. Batesian mimicry means that palatable or harmless organisms mimic unpalatable or harmful organisms. Mullerian mimicry means that two unpalatable organisms are similar to each other. Aposematic coloration is the chemical defensive adaptation by warning coloration to the predator. Interspecific interaction is the relationship between two species.

Poikilothermic animals are cold-blooded animals, whose body temperature is altered by outside temperatures. Reptile and amphibians are the examples. Homeothermic animals are warm-blooded animals, such as mammals and birds, which keep their body temperatures.

Habitat is the environment areas where organisms live. Competition means two organisms in the same environment compete against each other to use the same resources to survive. Ecosystem is interrelationships between biotic and abiotic factors.

Organisms within a species have genetic similarity and can interbreed. Individual living things are called organisms and groups of species are called a population. Communities mean groups of interacting organisms sharing a geographic area. Organ systems are components of organisms such ascirculatory, respiratory, and digestive systems.

Sunlight is the main source of energy to plants or phytoplankton in the biosphere. The producer converts light energy to chemical energy and provides it to the herbivores.

Stratification of the water temperature happens during summer and winter seasons. Seasonal turnover occurs during spring and fall seasons and exchanges water between surface area and bottom area. Mixing water brings out many nutrients.

All living organism in ecosystem is called biotic factors such as bacteria, plant, fungi, and rabbit. Nonliving materials are called abiotic factors such as sunlight, wind, or water.

All of the above components are alterations of genetic composition.

Operant conditioning is one of the learning methods by experience errors. A is classical conditioning, which is learning method by arbitrary stimulus following conditioned response.

Lake areas have littoral zone, limnetic zone, photic zone, aphotic zone, and benthic zone. Hadal zone is the deepest area of marine environment.

Deserts are dry places with low precipitation, so there is sparse vegetation. Water reservoirs in desert areas can support organisms such as cacti, succulent plants, camels, and so forth.

Stabilizing selection means that the overall population shifts to favor middle values and remove extreme values. Directional selection is shifting of the overall population to favor one extreme value end of the distribution. Disruptive selection is shifting of the overall population to favor both ends of the distribution.

Homologous structure is divergent evolution from a common ancestor and results in similar characteristic structures but different functions. Adaptive radiation is divergent evolution from a common species and results in different morphology, such as different finch beaks from the same species on the Galapagos Islands. Convergent evolution means that species from different origins come to closely resemble each other and analogous structure means that certain features have similar function but different structure between two different animals.

Photoautotrophic organisms, such as plant, algae, and cyanobacteria, use light as an energy source and CO₂ as a carbon source. Chemoautotrophic organisms, such as sulfolobus, use inorganic chemicals as an energy source and CO₂ as carbon source.

Due to high precipitation and temperature every season, the tropical rain forest has no deciduous trees. Deciduous trees belong to temperate deciduous forest.

Epipelagic zone, the photic zone, is 200m depth from the surface of sea and is the location of most photosynthesis. Mesopelagic zone, bathypelagic zone, and abyssal zone are aphotic zones, so photosynthesis hardly occurs. Limnetic zone is contained in a lake area.